Are Direct Investments by the Federal Reserve a Good Idea? A Corporate Finance Perspective
March 10, 2016
Due
to the crisis of 2007–2009, financial friction macro models are being
used to provide a theoretical foundation for the evaluation of
‘unconventional policy’. In these models, banks take deposits from
households and lend to firms. Empirically, other financial channels that
are missing in the models, such as corporate bonds and equity, are also
important. This paper analyzes a model in which bank loans and equity
are both feasible. Households have limited ability to enforce their
claims. If either the bank or the equity market are undistorted, the
equilibrium is socially efficient. If both are distorted, the
equilibrium is inefficient. In that case, government policy aimed at the
bank or at the firm can be helpful. Suitably chosen equity injections,
loans, or interest rate subsidies can all work. Interest rate subsidies
have the advantage that they occur later and there is less concern about
cheating. Equity injections have the advantage that they minimize the
necessary level of tax imposed on households that is needed to achieve
optimality. Optimal equity injections and optimal loan subsidies induce
reductions in household savings (‘crowding out’). Optimal interest rate
subsidies induce increases in household savings (‘crowding in’).